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      Hi, everyone
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      Today
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      I am talking about Regional Imaging Anatomy
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      Actually, this is a sample and demo topic for the contributors to give a visual representation of how, to present the presentation material for course making kidneys. Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs in the mid abdomen, found
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      one on each side
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      There are two major components, the outer cortex, and the inner medulla
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      The renal medulla is divided into multiple lobes, composed of pyramids
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      These pyramids filter, the blood and the urine is formed
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      Formed your inflows into a minor calyx, the joins into major calyx, which unites into the renal pelvis, and then flows through the ureter to the urine bladder
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      Both kidneys are supplied by renal arteries, directly from the abdominal aorta, and the renal vein drains directly into the inferior Vena Cava. These renal arteries can be single or multiple and are called as accessory arteries
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      Their presence should be documented, which are very important in case of surgical planning. The lymphatic drainage of the kidneys are the aorta-caval lymph nodes
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      So what are the Imaging techniques in the kidney? They are the x-rays ultrasound
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      Computed, tomography, MRI and angiography, and also functional imaging by Nuclear Medicine. Coming to the x-rays
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      As we all know, x-rays are radiation based investigation or x-rays penetrate the body, and the outcoming x-ray image is captured in a film or a cassette
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      But the kidneys are soft tissue structures, which are partially radiopaque and masked by the superimposed to adjacent soft tissues
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      But kidney stones, can be well visualized in plane x-rays as they are opaque Round or oval structures in area of kidneys
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      Ultrasound is a self-explanatory word? Yes, ultrasonic sounds are used for Imaging the patient and it's free of ionizing radiation
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      This kind of Investigation is portable, easily available and are operator dependent
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      This is one of the primary and preliminary method of Investigation for abdomen, including Imaging of kidneys. Computer tomography, computed tomography, CT´s
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      It is also radiation based investigation, but it is the best modality of choice for kidney imaging because of its high-resolution, specificity and sensitivity. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI of the kidneys
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      These investigations are not routinely practiced and it's usually advised in case of indeterminate lesions in other studies
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      MRI is tissue-specific, and it is used mainly in challenging situations to differentiate for example, complex cystic, lesions in the kidneys, and we have few other investigation methods, but I'll be mentioning one by one. Next is the Intravenous pyelography
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      and intravenous pyelography
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      As I have previously mentioned patient receives intravenous contrast before the examination and images taken approximately 5 to 10 minutes, which is the urine excretion phase
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      And here you can see in the image, the contract being excreted by the kidneys, to the collecting system, renal pelvis and to the ureter shown as lines on both by the arrows, on the image
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      on the image
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      The left kidney has double collecting system, which is a congenital anomaly
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      Voiding cystourethrogram
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      This is also an x-ray Imaging method with radiation and contrast administration
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      This is a young patient who had retrograde cystourethrography first the urinary bladder is catheterized and contrast is injected through the catheter to the urinary bladder and the catheter is removed
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      The patient is asked to urinate and a series of images are taken during the micturation by this method
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      We can see the bladder contour and different parts of urethra
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      This kind of Investigation is used in case of vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder and impatience with the bladder trauma
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      It is even used before renal transplantation
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      But this kind of Investigation is very uncommon, nowadays and is being replaced by CT Imaging

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